Chidziwitso: kugwirizanitsa zotsekemera ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha zida zamagetsi, ndipo nthawi zonse yakhala ikuyang'aniridwa ndi mbali zonse.Kulumikizana kwa insulation kudagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi.Ku China, ngozi yomwe idachitika chifukwa chachitetezo chamagetsi imakhala 50% mpaka 60% yamagetsi aku China.Pangodutsa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene lingaliro la kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation lidanenedwa muzitsulo zotsika zamagetsi ndi zida zowongolera.Chifukwa chake, ndi vuto lofunikira kwambiri kuthana nalo ndikuthana ndi vuto la kulumikizana kwazinthuzo moyenera, ndipo chidwi chokwanira chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa icho.
Mawu ofunikira: kutchinjiriza ndi zida zotchingira za switchgear yotsika
0. Chiyambi
The low voltage switchgear imayang'anira kuwongolera, kuteteza, kuyeza, kutembenuza ndi kugawa mphamvu yamagetsi mumagetsi otsika amagetsi.Pamene switchgear yotsika kwambiri imalowa mkati mwa malo opangira, malo a anthu, malo okhala ndi malo ena, zitha kunenedwa kuti malo onse omwe zida zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito azikhala ndi zida zotsika.Pafupifupi 80% ya mphamvu zamagetsi ku China zimaperekedwa kudzera pa switchgear yotsika.Kukula kwa ma switchgear otsika kwambiri kumachokera ku mafakitale azinthu, zida zamagetsi zotsika mphamvu, ukadaulo wopangira zida ndi zida zomanga zomangamanga ndi moyo wa anthu, kotero kuchuluka kwa ma switchgear otsika kumawonetsa mphamvu zachuma, sayansi ndiukadaulo komanso mulingo wamoyo wa dziko kuchokera mbali imodzi.
1. Mfundo yoyambira yolumikizirana ndi kutchinjiriza
Kulumikizana kwa insulation kumatanthawuza kuti mawonekedwe amagetsi amagetsi amasankhidwa molingana ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso malo ozungulira zida.Pokhapokha pamene mapangidwe a zipangizozo amachokera ku mphamvu ya ntchito yomwe imakhala nayo m'moyo wake woyembekezeredwa, momwe kugwirizanitsa kungathekere.Vuto la kugwirizana kwa kusungunula sikungochokera kunja kwa zipangizo komanso kuchokera ku zipangizo zomwezo.Ili ndi vuto lomwe limakhudza mbali zonse, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa mozama.Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zimagawidwa m'magawo atatu: choyamba, mikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo;Chachiwiri ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo, ndipo chachitatu ndi kusankha zipangizo zotetezera.
1.1 Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida zomwe zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka zimatengera mphamvu yamagetsi, gawo lamagetsi komanso ma frequency omwe zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
1.1.1 ubale pakati pa kulumikizana kwa insulation ndi magetsi.Poganizira za ubale pakati pa kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation ndi voteji, mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ingachitike m'dongosolo, voteji yopangidwa ndi zida, kufunikira kopitilira muyeso wamagetsi, komanso kuopsa kwa chitetezo chamunthu ndi ngozi ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
① Gulu la ma voltage ndi overvoltage, waveform.
A. voteji yopitilira mphamvu pafupipafupi, yokhala ndi R, m, s voteji;
B. osakhalitsa overvoltage, mphamvu pafupipafupi overvoltage kwa nthawi yaitali;
C transient overvoltage, over-voltage kwa ma milliseconds ochepa kapena kuchepera, nthawi zambiri imakhala yonyowa kwambiri kapena kusasunthika.
--Kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono, kawirikawiri njira imodzi, kufika pamtengo wapatali wa 20 μ sTp5000 μ Pakati pa S, nthawi ya mchira woweyula T2 ≤ 20ms.
——Fast wave pre overvoltage: kuwonjezereka kwapang’onopang’ono, nthawi zambiri kumbali imodzi, kufika pamtengo wapamwamba wa 0.1 μ sT120 μ s.Kutalika kwa mchira T2 ≤ 300 μs.
——Steep wave wave front overvoltage: overvoltage yosakhalitsa, nthawi zambiri mbali imodzi, kufika pachimake pa TF ≤ 0.1 μ s.Nthawi yonseyi ndi 3MS, ndipo pali kugwedezeka kwakukulu, ndipo mafupipafupi a oscillation ali pakati pa 30kHz ndi 100MHz.
D. kuphatikiza (osakhalitsa, pang'onopang'ono patsogolo, mofulumira, otsetsereka) overvoltage.
Malinga ndi mtundu wa overvoltage womwe uli pamwambapa, mawonekedwe amagetsi amagetsi amatha kufotokozedwa.
② Ubale wapakati pa nthawi yayitali ya AC kapena DC voliyumu ndi kulumikizana kwamagetsi kuyenera kuganizira za voliyumu yovoteledwa, voliyumu yovotera ndi magetsi enieni ogwirira ntchito.Pakugwira ntchito kwanthawi zonse komanso kwanthawi yayitali, voteji yoyezera komanso mphamvu yeniyeni yogwirira ntchito iyenera kuganiziridwa.Kuphatikiza pa kukwaniritsa zofunikira za muyezo, tiyenera kulabadira mkhalidwe weniweni wa gululi mphamvu China.Pakalipano kuti mtundu wa gridi yamagetsi siwokwera kwambiri ku China, popanga zinthu, mphamvu yeniyeni yogwira ntchito ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakugwirizanitsa.
③ Ubale pakati pa kuchulukirachulukira kwanthawi yayitali ndi kulumikizana kwapakati kumayenderana ndi momwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwamagetsi mumagetsi.Mu dongosolo ndi zipangizo, pali mitundu yambiri ya overvoltage.Mphamvu ya overvoltage iyenera kuganiziridwa mozama.Mumagetsi otsika mphamvu zamagetsi, kuchulukitsitsa kumatha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, kuchulukirachulukira mudongosolo kumawunikidwa ndi njira yowerengera, kuwonetsa lingaliro la kuthekera kwa zochitika, Ndipo zitha kutsimikiziridwa ndi njira yowerengera kuthekera ngati kuwongolera chitetezo kumafunika.
1.1.2 gulu lamagetsi opitilira muyeso lidzagawidwa m'gulu la IV molunjika kuchokera kumagulu owonjezera amagetsi amagetsi otsika kwambiri malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito anthawi yayitali ofunikira malinga ndi momwe zida zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.Zida za gulu la overvoltage IV ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa magetsi a chipangizo chogawa, monga ammeter ndi zida zodzitetezera zomwe zachitika kale.Zida za kalasi ya overvoltage III ndi ntchito yoyika mu chipangizo chogawa, ndipo chitetezo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zipangizo ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira, monga switchgear mu chipangizo chogawa.Zida za overvoltage class II ndi zida zowononga mphamvu zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi chipangizo chogawa, monga katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba ndi zolinga zofanana.Zida za kalasi ya overvoltage I zimalumikizidwa ndi zida zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono mpaka kutsika kwambiri, monga dera lamagetsi lomwe lili ndi chitetezo chamagetsi.Pazida zomwe sizimaperekedwa mwachindunji ndi gridi yamagetsi otsika, mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri komanso kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingachitike pazida zamakina ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
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Malo amagetsi amagawidwa m'munda wamagetsi wofanana ndi magetsi osafanana.Mu switchgear yotsika, nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati gawo lamagetsi osakhala yunifolomu.Vuto lafupipafupi likuganiziridwabe.Nthawi zambiri, kutsika kwafupipafupi kumakhalabe ndi mphamvu zochepa pakugwirizanitsa zotchingira, koma ma frequency apamwamba akadali ndi chikoka, makamaka pazida zotsekera.
1.2 Chilengedwe chachikulu cha zida zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kulumikizidwa kwa kutsekereza komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira kulumikizana.Kuchokera pazofunikira zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa komanso miyezo, kusintha kwa mpweya wa mpweya kumangoganizira za kusintha kwa mpweya chifukwa cha kutalika.Kusintha kwa mpweya wa tsiku ndi tsiku sikunanyalanyazidwe, ndipo zifukwa za kutentha ndi chinyezi zanyalanyazidwanso.Komabe, ngati pali zofunikira zolondola, kuthamanga kwa mpweya kudzasinthidwa malinga ndi zofunikira za miyezo, Zinthuzi ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa.Kuchokera ku malo ang'onoang'ono, malo akuluakulu amatsimikizira malo ang'onoang'ono, koma malo ang'onoang'ono angakhale abwinoko kapena oyipa kuposa zida za chilengedwe.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachitetezo, kutentha, mpweya wabwino ndi fumbi la chipolopolo zimatha kukhudza chilengedwe.Malo ang'onoang'ono ali ndi zomveka bwino pamiyeso yoyenera, yomwe imapereka maziko a mapangidwe azinthu.
1.3 Mavuto a kulumikizana kwa kutchinjiriza ndi zida zotchinjiriza ndizovuta kwambiri.Ndi yosiyana ndi gasi, ndipo ndi insulating sing'anga amene sangathe anachira kamodzi kuwonongeka.Ngakhale mwangozi overvoltage chochitika chingayambitse kuwonongeka kosatha.Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, zida zotchinjiriza zimakumana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, monga ngozi zakutulutsa, zinthu zotsekemera zokha zimafulumizitsa ukalamba wake chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, monga kupsinjika kwamafuta, kutentha, kukhudzidwa kwamakina ndi zina. kupsinjika.Kwa zida zotchingira, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe a zida zotchingira sizili zofananira, ngakhale pali zisonyezo zambiri.Izi zimabweretsa zovuta pakusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotsekera, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe ena azinthu zosungunulira, monga kupsinjika kwamafuta, zida zamakina, kutulutsa pang'ono, ndi zina zambiri, sizikuganiziridwa pakali pano.
2. Kutsimikizira kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation
Pakalipano, njira yabwino yotsimikizira kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa dielectric, ndipo ma voliyumu osiyanasiyana ovotera amatha kusankhidwa pazida zosiyanasiyana.
2.1 voteji yofananira ndi 1.2/50 potengera kuyesa kwa voliyumu μ S mawonekedwe.
Kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa jenereta woyeserera wamagetsi oyeserera kuyenera kukhala kopitilira 500 nthawi zambiri Ω， Mtengo wamagetsi otengera mphamvu udzatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, gulu la overvoltage ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kwa zida, ndipo zidzawongoleredwa molingana ndi momwe zimakhalira. kumtunda wolingana.Pakadali pano, zoyeserera zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa switchgear yotsika.Ngati palibe chitsimikiziro chomveka bwino cha chinyezi ndi kutentha, ziyeneranso kukhala mkati mwazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito muyezo wa switchgear wathunthu.Ngati malo ogwiritsira ntchito zida akupitilira kuchuluka kwa switchgear seti, iyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ndiyokonzedwa.Mgwirizano wowongolera pakati pa kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kutentha ndi motere:
K=P/101.3 × 293( Δ T+293)
K - kuwongolera magawo a mpweya kuthamanga ndi kutentha
Δ T - kutentha kusiyana K pakati pa kutentha kwenikweni (Labu) ndi T = 20 ℃
P - kuthamanga kwenikweni kPa
2.2 pamagetsi otsika kwambiri, kuyesa kwa AC kapena DC kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa kuyesa kwamagetsi kwamagetsi amagetsi amtundu wina, koma njira yoyesera iyi ndiyowopsa kuposa kuyesa kwamagetsi, ndipo iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi wopanga.
Kutalika kwa kuyesera ndi 3 zozungulira pa nkhani ya kulankhulana.
Mayeso a DC, gawo lililonse (zabwino ndi zoyipa) motsatana amayika voteji katatu, nthawi iliyonse ndi 10ms.
Pakalipano ku China, pamagetsi apamwamba komanso otsika kwambiri, kulumikizana kwa zida zamagetsi kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu.Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kokhazikika kwa lingaliro logwirizanitsa zolumikizira mumagetsi otsika ndi zida zowongolera, ndi nkhani ya pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zokha.Choncho, ndi vuto lofunika kwambiri kuthana nalo ndi kuthetsa vuto la mgwirizano wotsekemera mu mankhwala.
Zolozera:
[1] Iec439-1 low voltage switchgear ndi zida zowongolera - Gawo 1: mayeso amtundu ndi mayeso amtundu wagawo zida zonse [s].
Iec890 yang'anani kukwera kwa kutentha kwa ma switchgear otsika ndi zida zowongolera kudzera mu mayeso amtundu wina pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-20-2023