Mu 1987, chikalata chaukadaulo chotchedwa "zofunikira pakulumikizana kwa insulation mu Supplement 1 mpaka iec439" idalembedwa ndi sub Technical Committee ya International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17D, yomwe idayambitsanso kulumikizana kwa insupplement mu switchgear yotsika ndi kuwongolera. zida.Pakalipano ku China, pamagetsi apamwamba komanso otsika kwambiri, kulumikizana kwa zida zamagetsi kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu.Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kokhazikika kwa lingaliro logwirizanitsa zolumikizira mumagetsi otsika ndi zida zowongolera, ndi nkhani ya pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zokha.Choncho, ndi vuto lofunika kwambiri kuthana nalo ndi kuthetsa vuto la mgwirizano wotsekemera mu mankhwala.
Mawu ofunikira: Zida zodziyimira pawokha ndi zotchingira zamagetsi otsika
Kulumikizana kwa insulation ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha zida zamagetsi, ndipo nthawi zonse yakhala ikuyang'aniridwa ndi mbali zonse.Kulumikizana kwa insulation kudagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi.Mu 1987, chikalata chaukadaulo chotchedwa "zofunikira pakulumikizana kwa insulation mu Supplement 1 mpaka iec439" idalembedwa ndi sub Technical Committee ya International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17D, yomwe idayambitsa njira yolumikizirana ndi ma switchgear otsika ndi zida zowongolera.Ponena za momwe zinthu zilili m'dziko lathu, kugwirizanitsa kwa zida zamagetsi kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu pamagetsi apamwamba komanso otsika kwambiri.Ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti ngozi yomwe idachitika chifukwa chachitetezo chamagetsi ndi 50% - 60% yamagetsi aku China.Kuphatikiza apo, pangopita zaka ziwiri chiyambireni lingaliro la kulumikizana kwa insulation lidanenedwa mumagetsi otsika ndi zida zowongolera.Choncho, ndi vuto lofunika kwambiri kuthana nalo ndi kuthetsa vuto la mgwirizano wotsekemera mu mankhwala.
2. Mfundo yoyambira yolumikizirana
Kulumikizana kwa insulation kumatanthawuza kuti mawonekedwe amagetsi amagetsi amasankhidwa molingana ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso malo ozungulira zida.Pokhapokha pamene mapangidwe a zipangizozo amachokera ku mphamvu ya ntchito yomwe imakhala nayo m'moyo wake woyembekezeredwa, momwe kugwirizanitsa kungathekere.Vuto la kugwirizana kwa kusungunula sikungochokera kunja kwa zipangizo komanso kuchokera ku zipangizo zomwezo.Ili ndi vuto lomwe limakhudza mbali zonse, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa mozama.Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zimagawidwa m'magawo atatu: choyamba, mikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo;Chachiwiri ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo, ndipo chachitatu ndi kusankha zipangizo zotetezera.
(1) Mikhalidwe ya zida
Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida makamaka zimatengera mphamvu yamagetsi, gawo lamagetsi komanso ma frequency omwe zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
1. Ubale pakati pa kugwirizana kwa insulation ndi magetsi.Poganizira za ubale pakati pa kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation ndi voteji, mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ingachitike m'dongosolo, voteji yopangidwa ndi zida, kufunikira kopitilira muyeso wamagetsi, komanso kuopsa kwa chitetezo chamunthu ndi ngozi ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
1. Gulu la magetsi ndi overvoltage, waveform.
a) Mphamvu yopitilira ma frequency voltage, yokhala ndi R, m, s voteji
b) Kuchulukitsitsa kwakanthawi, kuchulukitsa mphamvu pafupipafupi kwa nthawi yayitali
c) Kuchuluka kwamagetsi kwakanthawi kochepa, kuchuluka kwamagetsi kwa ma milliseconds ochepa kapena kuchepera, nthawi zambiri kusungunuka konyowa kwambiri kapena kusasunthika.
——Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwakanthawi kochepa, nthawi zambiri njira imodzi, kufika pamtengo wapamwamba wa 20 μs
——Fast wave pre overvoltage: Kuwotcha kwakanthawi kochepa, nthawi zambiri kumbali imodzi, kufika pachimake cha 0.1 μ s
——Steep wave wave front overvoltage: Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwakanthawi kochepa, nthawi zambiri kumbali imodzi, kufika pachimake pa TF ≤ 0.1 μ s.Nthawi yonseyi ndi yochepera 3MS, ndipo pali superposition oscillation, ndipo mafupipafupi oscillation ali pakati pa 30kHz
Malinga ndi mtundu wa overvoltage womwe uli pamwambapa, mawonekedwe amagetsi amagetsi amatha kufotokozedwa.
2. Mgwirizano wapakati pa nthawi yayitali ya AC kapena DC voltage ndi kugwirizanitsa zotsekemera ziyenera kuonedwa ngati magetsi ovotera, magetsi otsekemera otsekemera ndi magetsi enieni ogwira ntchito.Pakugwira ntchito kwanthawi zonse komanso kwanthawi yayitali, voteji yoyezera komanso mphamvu yeniyeni yogwirira ntchito iyenera kuganiziridwa.Kuphatikiza pa kukwaniritsa zofunikira za muyezo, tiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri momwe zinthu zilili pa gridi yamagetsi yaku China.Pakalipano kuti mtundu wa gridi yamagetsi siwokwera kwambiri ku China, popanga zinthu, mphamvu yeniyeni yogwira ntchito ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakugwirizanitsa.
Ubale pakati pa kuchulukirachulukira kwakanthawi ndi kulumikizana kwa insulation kumayenderana ndi momwe mphamvu yamagetsi imayendetsedwa mumagetsi.Mu dongosolo ndi zipangizo, pali mitundu yambiri ya overvoltage.Mphamvu ya overvoltage iyenera kuganiziridwa mozama.Mumagetsi otsika mphamvu zamagetsi, kuchulukitsitsa kumatha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, kuchulukirachulukira mudongosolo kumawunikidwa ndi njira yowerengera, kuwonetsa lingaliro la kuthekera kwa zochitika, Ndipo zitha kutsimikiziridwa ndi njira yowerengera kuthekera ngati kuwongolera chitetezo kumafunika.
2. Overvoltage gulu la zida
Kutengera ndi momwe zida ziliri, kuchuluka kwamagetsi kwanthawi yayitali komwe kumafunikira kugawika mwachindunji m'gulu la IV ndi gulu lowonjezera lamagetsi amagetsi otsika.Zida za gulu la overvoltage IV ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa magetsi a chipangizo chogawa, monga ammeter ndi zida zodzitetezera zomwe zachitika kale.Zida za kalasi III overvoltage ndi ntchito yoyika mu chipangizo chogawa, ndipo chitetezo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zidazo ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira, monga switchgear mu chipangizo chogawa.Zida za overvoltage class II ndi zida zowononga mphamvu zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi chipangizo chogawa, monga katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba ndi zolinga zofanana.Zida za kalasi ya overvoltage I zimalumikizidwa ndi zida zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono mpaka kutsika kwambiri, monga dera lamagetsi lomwe lili ndi chitetezo chamagetsi.Pazida zomwe sizimaperekedwa mwachindunji ndi gridi yamagetsi otsika, mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri komanso kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingachitike pazida zamakina ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
Pamene zida ndi ntchito mu mkhalidwe wapamwamba mlingo overvoltage gulu, ndi zipangizo palokha alibe zokwanira analola overvoltage gulu, miyeso adzatengedwa kuchepetsa overvoltage pa malo, ndi njira zotsatirazi akhoza anatengera.
a) Chipangizo choteteza mphamvu yamagetsi
b) Ma transfoma okhala ndi makhonde akutali
c) Dongosolo logawa madera osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mafunde ogawa omwe amadutsa mphamvu yamagetsi
d) Luso lotha kuyamwa mphamvu zochulukirapo
e) Chida chotsitsa chomwe chimatha kuyamwa mphamvu zochulukirapo
3. Munda wamagetsi ndi pafupipafupi
Malo amagetsi amagawidwa m'munda wamagetsi wofanana ndi magetsi osafanana.Mu switchgear yotsika, nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati gawo lamagetsi osakhala yunifolomu.Vuto lafupipafupi likuganiziridwabe.Nthawi zambiri, kutsika kwafupipafupi kumakhalabe ndi mphamvu zochepa pakugwirizanitsa zotchingira, koma ma frequency apamwamba akadali ndi chikoka, makamaka pazida zotsekera.
(2) Ubale pakati pa kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation ndi chilengedwe
Chilengedwe chachikulu chomwe zida zilimo zimakhudza kulumikizana kwa insulation.Kuchokera pazofunikira zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa komanso miyezo, kusintha kwa mpweya wa mpweya kumangoganizira za kusintha kwa mpweya chifukwa cha kutalika.Kusintha kwa mpweya wa tsiku ndi tsiku sikunanyalanyazidwe, ndipo zifukwa za kutentha ndi chinyezi zanyalanyazidwanso.Komabe, ngati pali zofunikira zolondola, mfundozi ziyenera kuganiziridwa.Kuchokera ku malo ang'onoang'ono, malo akuluakulu amatsimikizira malo ang'onoang'ono, koma malo ang'onoang'ono angakhale abwinoko kapena oyipa kuposa zida za chilengedwe.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachitetezo, kutentha, mpweya wabwino ndi fumbi la chipolopolo zimatha kukhudza chilengedwe.Malo ang'onoang'ono ali ndi zomveka bwino pamiyeso yoyenera.Onani Table 1, yomwe imapereka maziko a mapangidwe a mankhwala.
(3) Kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation ndi zipangizo zotetezera
Vuto la insulating material ndi lovuta kwambiri, ndi losiyana ndi gasi, ndi sing'anga yotsekera yomwe siingabwezedwe ikawonongeka.Ngakhale mwangozi overvoltage chochitika chingayambitse kuwonongeka kosatha.Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, zida zotchinjiriza zimakumana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, monga ngozi zotulutsa, ndi zina zambiri. ukalamba.Kwa zida zotchingira, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe a zida zotchingira sizili zofananira, ngakhale pali zisonyezo zambiri.Izi zimabweretsa zovuta pakusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotsekera, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe ena azinthu zosungunulira, monga kupsinjika kwamafuta, zida zamakina, kutulutsa pang'ono, ndi zina zambiri, sizikuganiziridwa pakali pano.Chikoka chazomwe zili pamwambazi pazida zotsekera zakambidwa m'mabuku a IEC, omwe atha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito koyenera, koma sikungatheke kuchita chitsogozo chochulukira.Pakali pano, pali mankhwala ambiri otsika voteji magetsi ntchito ngati zizindikiro kuchuluka kwa insulating zipangizo, amene poyerekeza ndi CTI mtengo wa kutayikira chizindikiro index, amene akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu ndi mitundu inayi, ndi kukana kutayikira chizindikiro index PTI.Mlozera wa leakage mark umagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga njira yotayikira poponya madzi oipitsidwa pamwamba pa zinthu zotsekereza.Kuyerekeza kwachulukidwe kumaperekedwa.
Izi zachulukirachulukira zagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu.
3. Kutsimikizira kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation
Pakalipano, njira yabwino yotsimikizira kugwirizanitsa kwa insulation ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa dielectric, ndipo ma voliyumu osiyanasiyana ovotera amatha kusankhidwa pazida zosiyanasiyana.
1. Tsimikizirani kulumikizika kwa zida zoyezetsa voteji
1.2/50 ya voliyumu yamagetsi yovotera μ S mawonekedwe a wave.
Kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa jenereta woyeserera wamagetsi oyeserera kuyenera kukhala kopitilira 500 nthawi zambiri Ω， Mtengo wamagetsi otengera mphamvu udzatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, gulu la overvoltage ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kwa zida, ndipo zidzawongoleredwa molingana ndi momwe zimakhalira. kumtunda wolingana.Pakadali pano, zoyeserera zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa switchgear yotsika.Ngati palibe chitsimikiziro chomveka bwino cha chinyezi ndi kutentha, ziyeneranso kukhala mkati mwazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito muyezo wa switchgear wathunthu.Ngati malo ogwiritsira ntchito zida akupitilira kuchuluka kwa switchgear seti, iyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ndiyokonzedwa.Mgwirizano wowongolera pakati pa kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kutentha ndi motere:
K=P/101.3 × 293( Δ T＋293)
K - kuwongolera magawo a kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kutentha
Δ T - kutentha kusiyana K pakati pa kutentha kwenikweni (Labu) ndi T = 20 ℃
P - kuthamanga kwenikweni kPa
2. Dielectric test of alternative impulse voltage
Kwa ma switchgear otsika kwambiri, kuyesa kwa AC kapena DC kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa kuyesa voteji, koma njira yoyesera iyi ndiyowopsa kuposa kuyesa kwamagetsi, ndipo iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi wopanga.
Kutalika kwa kuyesera ndi 3 zozungulira pa nkhani ya kulankhulana.
Mayeso a DC, gawo lililonse (zabwino ndi zoyipa) motsatana amayika voteji katatu, nthawi iliyonse ndi 10ms.
1. Kutsimikiza kwa kuchuluka kwamagetsi.
2. Gwirizanitsani ndi kutsimikiza kwa kupirira voteji.
3. Kutsimikiza kwa mulingo wovomerezeka wa insulation.
4. Njira zonse zolumikizirana ndi kutchinjiriza.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-20-2023